Jordan Guerra

University of New Mexico

Language, Literacy and Sociocultural Studies 538

Summer 2011







Wednesday, July 6, 2011

Discussion Dramas

When I taught at my former school, there was a colleague of mine whose classroom was so unengaging that it made me sad. She was teaching history; the subject that I loved so much, yet she simply had students read the textbook and fill in the blanks on worksheets. At the end of the year, the students were discouraged, bored and had learned nothing. It really hurt my heart. She is the kind of teacher that Wilhelm is talking about when he says, "instead of engaging in conversation and building understandings, teachers typically run recitations where only a few students participate by 'filling in' the blanks of the teacher's (or textbook's) prepared lecture" (p.169). This means that class discussions, if they exist at all, does not involve sophisticated thinking. As most students do, Wilhelm's students "wanted instead to engage in real learning, which one boy defined as, finding your own way. Trying stuff out until you get it. Voicing your own opinion. Defending your position using what you've learned. Listening to others" (p.169).

With this in mind, Wilhelm gives a final series of enactments called discussion dramas. Discussion dramas provide the opportunity for sustained conversation around an issue and a chance to consider and engage in alternative points of view. Many examples are given that will help teachers guide students through real, meaningful discussion on a topic or text.

In conclusion, Wilhelm argues, "other teachers will find enactments a way to enjoy their students, to teach them more powerfully, and to engage even those who may be resistant and reluctant. The documented learning potential of adding enactment to our teaching repertoires is enormous" (p.187). And for this I am truly grateful. Enactments will now be on the top of my list for teaching strategies.

Writing in Role

In Action strategies for Deepening Comprehension, Wilhelm gives feedback from teachers and students. One letter, written by Steven, was so interesting. Steven stated in his letter to Mr. Wilhelm, his teacher, "I liked how you said a couple of times that you will be my tenth-grade English teacher forever, and that's why you were so serious about it" (p.152). I love that concept. That we as teachers will forever be remembered by our students and, therefore, we have this one opportunity to make a positive difference. Being an educator in a student's life is a big deal and should be taken seriously. We can make a life long difference or cause some damage to a student's love of learning. This was indeed true for me in my 6th grade language arts class. My teacher, Mr. B, took his job so seriously and, in turn, changed my life forever. Through his care for me as a student and expertise in teaching, guided me to become a middle school teacher myself.

As we transfer the kinesthetic aspect of enactments into the writing process, a series of correspondence activities are given. They are defined as, "any kind of composing that is undertaken in a role. [They] are powerful because they provide the student writer with a persona, a purpose, meaningful information, a situation, and an audience - all of which help him or her compose."

As a child in my own home, I was taught to write letters of correspondence at a very young age. I wrote letters of apology when I messed up (daily or weekly), and letters of thanks for every gift I received. Letter writing is very common in a student's every day life even with the new technologies available on the Internet. Written communication is a natural activity and can be used to greatly motivate students to write after reading, especially when doing from a perspective other than their own.

Playing to Deepen Understanding of How Texts Work

As a good teacher, we want kids to learn to think for themselves. We want them to consider the points of view of the characters and authors and invite them to consider their own prejudices. Teachers work on so many different things, but according to Wilhelm (2002), "transformations in understanding is perhaps an educator's most important work" (p.137). When looking at a classroom example from Keene & Zimmerman, shared in Mosaic of Thought, these teachers focused on helping students move from simply reading the words of a text to actually understanding the root of it. This is not an easy task. After reading Wilhelm's book, I strongly believe that social interaction is necessary for true comprehension. In the real world, no one seems to completely understand something without working it out through discussion with someone else. Even as educators we are encouraged to not "go it alone", but to collaborate with colleagues on everything. It is disappointing when we see silent classrooms where students are expected to move a text from the surface level to deep understanding all alone. Wilhelm puts it well, in saying, "reading is a powerful way of expanding and transforming our understanding, but only if we have the willingness and the tools to see other points of view, reconceptualize our understandings, and change our thinking and behavior. Enactments can make that happen" (p.137). Teachers need the tools to guide students through this process and that is what Wilhelm is all about.

To further engage with a text, Wilhelm gives a variety of examples that will help students figure out and represent the literal and implied meaning of a text, as well as, intervene, reframe, recast, change and probe a text. These activities are so engaging that in Wilhelm's experience the students eventually run the lessons on their own, eager to engage in enactment strategies to understand any text. The examples that I find most interesting are those that involved using enactments in content areas, such as math and science. These subjects are not my personal strong suit because they always lack the creativity that I strive for in learning. Therefore, as a teacher, I shy away from teaching these subjects, as well. Wilhelm gives an example of using Mental Modeling in Action for teaching chemical reactions (p.142). As I read this example, a smile came to my face. If I could use this type of creative thinking it would motivate me as a teacher and my students. It was as simple as using an analogy to compare chemical reactions to the reaction people have to each other at a dance party. The example was genius!

Visualizing Meaning Through Image and Gesture

Every summer at Young Life camps across the country, a large group of high school and college students, along with adults, work together to create a frozen scene. As campers emerge from their cabins, they witness a still life portrait of the old west until the sound of a horn sends the characters into motion. After 90 seconds of motion, the characters are once again frozen in place. Campers are encouraged to walk amongst the scene and are then sent back to their cabins to put on their own costumes. This frozen depiction of a scene is called tableau; meaning visual presentation in French (Wilhelm, 2002, p.116).

Wilhelm uses tableau as a strategy for helping students visualize, perceive and consider after reading a text (p.119). The coolest part about using tableau to engage with a text is that it uses visual and kinesthetic intelligences that are normally not used in a classroom. From my years of teaching and from having my own son, I have learned how much the use of kinesthetic experiences is important for boys. Students understand a text at a whole new level when they are allowed to live through it. The most interesting part is how tableau can be used with non-fiction in all content area classrooms.

Just like all the enactments in Wilhelm's book, their are many different variations of tableau that allow students (and teachers) to never get bored. Wilhelm did state that with all the different enactment options it is important not to continue to use one after the students have mastered it, but to continue to challenge them with continued new ones.

Learning to Read Deeply Enough To Gain Expertise

In Mosaic of Thought, Keene and Zimmerman give an example of students doing a research project. While working with one girl, it was evident that she had so much information that she didn't know what was truly important to include. She was a novice in her topic and needed an expert's help. James Gee also discuses the idea of a novice learning from an expert with the idea of enculturation. The article by Lea & Street explains the academic literacies model as being literate in a particular genre of expertise. In order to promote literacy development, students need the opportunity to practice what they are learning with experts. All of these examples tie in with Wilhelm's chapter on using the Mantle of the Expert enactment activity. Activities in this enactment group motivate students to read at a deeper and different level in order for them to gain the same knowledge that experts have. They start to see the real purpose behind the reading, instead of simply a school assignment. The information becomes real knowledge for themselves instead of class work to quickly be forgotten. Wilhelm writes, "the point of all reading, and of all learning activity, is to change our understanding and, as a result, our ways of thinking and being in the world" (p.98). Through his enactment of mantle of expert, he expects students to "become 'novice experts' who 'take on' the language and strategies of the expert" (p.98). The phrase mantle of the expert means that students will step into another's shoes.

While working with my gifted students, we had many different activities that asked them to "become" experts in any area of interest and create activities to complete while in that expert role. Using Wilhelm's enactments would have helped my unit to have so much more clarity and motivation.

Students from Wilhelm's class have the following to say about mantle of expert enactments (p.100):

"It really made me understand...I just didn't get it when I [heard or read] about it"
- Christine
"School is about facts - mostly boring facts - drama is about making facts exciting because you add the feelings...Drama takes facts and asks how they might have been different or how the facts might affect you or someone else and how all that would feel. That's why I like drama."
 - Mike 

Deepening Understanding of Characters and Concepts

In order to deepen understanding while reading, Wilhelm uses a series of enactments called hotseat. Hotseat is described as, "enactment techniques that intensifies role playing by putting students on the spot so they can be addressed, advised, questioned, and so forth. This strategy invites students to hone their ability to analyze characters, infer, elaborate, and think on their feet" (p.82). There was so many variations to the hotseat activity that changes things up and keeps students interested. They can interact as pairs or in a large group. They take turns asking questions and being in the hot seat. All students are engaged and involved the whole time. Before entering into a hotseat activity it is obvious that time and effort have been taken in the classroom to build relationships among the students and the teacher to ensure that kids feel safe enough to improvise. Wilhelm also focuses on stopping to reflect with students often throughout the activity (p. 83).

Hotseating provides an opportunity for students to dig deep and use higher level thinking skills. As one teacher puts it, "I want no 'right there' questions". Teachers shouldn't simply expect students to restate the literal understanding of the text, but to dig deep into the characters. Not only are students, role playing other characters while doing hot seat, but they are also relating it back to their own lives. While role playing they have the freedom to use their own life and experiences to improvise and respond for the character. The specifically like the idea of having another student being the inner voice for the character in the hot seat. This leads to a great class discussion about why we don't always say what we are actually thinking.

A final variation of the hot seat is called personification. This activity is different and interesting for all content areas. In personification, students play the role of concepts or ideas (freedom, force, electricity) instead of characters. This lends itself to being a very interactive way to learn in all content areas.

Tuesday, June 28, 2011

Getting in Role: Reading and Learning from Various Points of View

When I want to get my children to do something I ask them to pretend they are some kind of animal, or do a silly move, or sing a song, or be the parent. Each time they become so engulfed in the playing that they don't mind doing what I ask. My favorite is when they pretend to be the parent. Through their acting I can see what they truly understand and have learned from my husband and I. They are comprehending more that we know and it is through acting it out that I can see this the most. My children are only 2 and 4 years old. I didn't read a book to learn how to do this, but I simply thought I was being a creative parent. None the less, according to Wilhelm, enactments are simply this: "imagining to learn". The same thing that I do with my own children can be done in the classroom to get kids involved in reading a text. It is so engaging that they don't even realize they are learning. In his book, Wilhelm quotes a fellow colleague who says, "It was as if the drama helped enact a rite of passage and transformation in how they read and how they were affected by their reading." (p.58). With enactments, students begin to see how they are apart of the story. In the article we read on transactional literature, the author states that reading does not occur until the reader reads it. It is only words and it becomes a story with meaning after the interaction with the reader. Enactments help to do this; bring the story to life to create meaning.

This chapter outlines specific strategies to be used in the classroom. It is a book that you would refer to daily throughout your teaching career. Each strategy has many different parts and forces students to use higher level thinking skills to understand the text. They are not simply recalling facts at a knowledge level, but tapping into prior knowledge to build comprehension. Through the strategies they: enter a role, respond to situations through a perspective, enliven the story and facts, infer, elaborate, and reflect (Wilhelm, p.61). By doing this through acting students get deeper then they would alone on a piece of paper.

I love how these activities make learning more social than the average classroom. It brings the real world into class and encourages collaboration. Many of the enactments ask students to play the role of someone in real life (a writer, photographer, reporter, police officer, etc.) By doing this, students are expected to research and learn what these people do actually know. The role playing piece gives a whole new sense of motivation to research and learning.

Making the Connection: Enactments to Use Before Reading

Enactments can be used like any teaching method to tap into prior knowledge in order to help students make connections between new material and things they already know. To be literate for content area reading, students need background knowledge in the subject or a teacher willing to help them make the connections to any other prior knowledge they do have. With a newly developed secondary discourse in that content area or topic they can move towards fluency or mushfake to learn and understand.

According to Wilhelm's research, "the most important and powerful time to teach is before students read" (p. 33). I think that too often many teachers jump into an assignment just hoping that everyone will understand and do it perfectly, to only find a lot of confusion. The teacher then tries to teach in the midst of the reading. Therefore, when using enactments it is important for the teacher to clearly understand what they are trying to teach and what they want their students to learn. This is called framing. As Wilhelm writes, "framing simply means that the students understand how the work will proceed and what is expected of them" (p. 33). In the framing time, the teacher would make the situation and the roles clear, as well as, explain that the students will be required to find out, establish, or make something during the enactment. Thus, giving the whole process a purpose for learning.

While working with enactments, Wilhelm uses frontloading activities to build the prior knowledge. His book lists many unique ways for kids to interact with a story through frontloading. The ones I found most interesting were:
  • Trigger Letters
  • Mantle-of-Expert Writing
  • Trigger Letter and Role Play
  • Tableaux
When I taught 6th grade gifted seminar, we did a semester long unit on law which included mock trials. The entire unit involved preparing pieces of enactments and the culmination of the "trial" through role play. This book would have given me so many more strategies to use in my mock trials unit.

Wednesday, June 22, 2011

Learning With My Students: Show Me, Help Me, Let Me

When I entered my first classroom at Lincoln Middle School, I had no idea that my four years of teaching would eventually teach me so much. I was hired as the gifted seminar and drama teacher. Neither of these positions were ones that I applied for, but both ended up being the perfect job for me. I wasn't given much direction as to how either of the classes should be taught. There were very few guidelines other than to simply follow the state standards. Therefore, I set out as a novice in the field of gifted education and desired to learn as much as possible. Literacy is important to gifted education as we continue to challenge students to learn to be literate in new areas. Not just reading novels, but literacy specific to an area of specialization. Gifted students are at-risk because they tend to think they have already learned all there is. Literacy can help them to see that they are so many other ways to become literate; new things to always learn as a life long learner.

Over the four years, I attended seminars and took classes toward a Master’s degree in Special Education to learn how to better serve my students. I develop and two year series of curriculum units that were individualized for each student. Most importantly, I included what Wilhelm calls enactment strategies. While simultaneously teaching a drama class, my first year, I learned to use many of the same activities with my gifted students. In the gifted curriculum, the highlight of the 2 year series was mock trials. These real life reenactments of a court room, taught me and the students so much as the court system. Because I entered the gifted education world as a novice I was more apt to learn from the students. I honestly felt like I had nothing to teach them. In fact, I constantly asked them to show my how things worked. These students had been in the gifted education program for much of their lives. I saw my job as an opportunity to guide them to be the best people they could be with the gifts that they had.

Enactments are used in teaching to get kids involved in the learning. Teachers even learn better this way. When a teacher is taught how to do something they will understand it, but it makes so much more sense when it is "discovered in concert with teacher practice" (Wilhelm, 2002). This idea of learning while doing is very similar to Gee's theory of Discourse and the process of enculturation when learning a secondary Discourse. In all things, I believe one can learn in a classroom, but it is always more fun and easier to learn by doing. That is the idea behind using enactment strategies in the classroom. Enactments help the teacher to "explicitly guide [students] to do new things" (Wilhelm, p.20) instead of simply delivering information at them. Wilhelm continues to explain how good teachers learn along with their students; to "teach them in an area in which teacher and students can play, and build, and learn together" (p.20). Wilhelm uses Lev Vygotsky to base much of his theory for using enactments. Vygotsky bases his theory on the idea of a zone of proximal development in which students can do something with the proper assistance. The ZPD is very similar to a dominant Discourse that Gee explains in his Discourse theory.

Monday, June 13, 2011

Action Strategies for Deepening Comprehension

Action Strategies for Deepening Comprehension: Role Plays, Text-Structure, Tableaux, Talking Statues, and Other Enactment Techniques That Engage Students With Text
By Jeffery D. Wilhelm Ph.D.

After reading only the introduction to this book, I am excited. The strategies used by the teachers in this book remind me so much of my classroom. It has been two years since I last taught in a classroom and I forgot how much I loved it. I am very glad that I chose to read this book, because the information in it will be useful for my career in the future. I can also see myself using it with the youth group I work with, and in teaching my own children.

The introduction discusses the issue of motivating readers by using enactment strategies. While teaching gifted students at the middle school level, I found myself using many of these strategies. While in my undergrad, I tried to use every creative technique that I heard of to motivate my at-risk students. Gifted kids don't seem to fit the mold of at-risk students, but research (and my own experience) shows that indeed they are.

Enactments help students, especially those at-risk, to "imagine to learn". Here are the benefits of using enactments strategies:
-make reading a transformative experience
-can be used flexibly
-assist students before, during and after reading
-harness the power of the social nature of learning
-invite students to think and imagine
-are motivating
-help students achieve a state of "flow"

The best part of enactments is that they are active and fun, therefore, students don't even realize they are learning. According to the classroom instruction of Keene & Zimmerman, literacy means not just reading at the surface level, but true comprehension and the ability to determine importance. Therefore, Wilhelm's book on enactments is written to help teachers guide students to comprehension. It is a very hands on approach to learning. James Gee, in his Discourse theory, also agrees that literacy can not be learned explicitly, but only acquired from apprentice situations. Wilhelm strives to give students real life situations to work with in his classroom through his various enactment strategies.

Sunday, June 12, 2011

Writing a Blog

I have always loved to write.

Since I was a young girl, I have enjoyed writing for myself. At times when writing was required and the topic was chosen by others, I strongly disliked writing. Therefore, when I discovered the blog world, I was immediately excited about the opportunity to write about my life in a way that will preserve the memories forever. There were no rules, no guidelines, just the blank text box with limitless possibilities for filling it. It is amazing how typing into a blog text box is so much less intimidating than typing in a Word document. I am freed by the blog itself and, therefore, my words flow more freely. Over the past two years, I have kept myself (and at times, others) up to date with my little family of four through my pictures and words. I have created two blog books for sake of memories beyond the Internet world.

Again, I love to write, and I write best after a lot of reading. This is good, because I love to read. But the problem is, the more I read the good writing that is suppose to inspire me to write, the less I feel prepared to write. I tend to get into times of not writing and it is difficult for me to start again.

I have recently become obsessed with reading through the blogging world. But all these other blogging moms can write about the details of their lives in such interesting ways. I don't feel like I can live up to their standard. So, I am tried of being intimated by the blogging moms that I admire. Instead, I want to write more. I want to continue to read good books that challenge me in my life. And I want to write about the things I experience and learn.

My two favorite blogs are Flower Patch Farm Girl and A Holy Experience. Both of these women are the most amazing writers. I am always inspired after reading their posts. They write about their own lives in such a vivid and poetic way. They are moms like myself and, therefore, the topics they choose to write about interest me as well. These blog entries are not short and sweet, but full of the most important information on the topic, written in such an interesting way. I can sense the freedom that they feel when blogging. Both of these women have created a following and therefore advanced their blogs to include relationships with other mom’s in the blogosphere. They are creating a name for themselves in a way that without the internet would be much more difficult.